#1 A flowchart for finding the right data source
A flowchart made by data journalist, Paul Bradshaw
#2 A community listing data sources and extraction tools
A question & answer community for data sources and extraction tools (new in January 2012)
Month: January 2012
In today’s world, trading systems are global and with their global reach, they are complex. Each of us has to find our niche, and the big question is how do we “insert” ourselves into a vibrant and rich value chain.
- How do we access the chain?
- How do we compete successfully?
- How do we capture gains in a way that we can grow and become more competitive?
- How do we take part and take part gainfully?
We aren’t interested in every value chain in the world, but for those that fascinate and attract our attention, we want tools to understand who does what and how to find our place.
- We want to describe what we make in this value chain and how we make it.
- We want to think geographically about where everything is.
- We want to know how the chain cooperates within itself and how it makes sure everyone does their part well and reliably.
- We want to know how we relate to other value chains and in particular how we honour our obligations to be good citizens in every country where we work.
- And how is our value chain changing?
These are notes I made from Global Value Chain Analysis: A Primer. They should be helpful when you are thinking ahead about thorny issues of developing a supply chain. Once you have the basics, they it would be best to go back to the original source at Duke University.
#1 What do we make in our value chain?
Our value chain includes everyone who is in it – from people who think up ideas, to people who supply raw materials, to the people who make things, move things and sell things to the people, yes, who pick up the waste and recycle what we throw out.
We map out everyone in the system, initially simply, and then in more detail showing what each person needs and use and what they get back in terms of wages, profits and new possibilities.
#2 Where does everything happen?
Value chains are global but the different parts of the value will happen in different places? Where? Can we show the value chain on a map?
And is there a good reason why things happen in any place? Are the natural resources there? Do they have a long history in making what is made? Is the market there? Are transport lines particularly good? Does the government give the players special privileges?
What are the opportunities for capturing parts of the value chain and moving them elsewhere? And who else is looking at the value chain seeing the same opportunities for themselves?
#3 Who has the power in the network?
Sometimes it is easy to spot a big player like Walmart who dominates the entire chain? Knowing the ‘type’ of chain that we are in also helps us learn from chains in other industries that we might think are different but are organized in the same way.
- Price-driven Markets. Is what we are producing so basic that our buyers do not have a say in what we produce? They buy what is there based on availability and price? The consumer petrol (gas) market is an example. There is no difference in buying from BP, Mobil or Shel
- Order-modulated Businesses. Do we deliver to customers exactly what they ordered but along the lines of simple combinations of orders as we do with a menu in a restaurant? Do we offer our customers choice but within a fairly simple range so that cost of taking orders and conveying them to production is fairly low when spread over all our customers? And equally, is it fairly cheap for our customers to switch to another business that offers a similar service?
- Relationship Businesses. Do we need to understand quite a lot about our customer’s needs? Does it take time to listen to them and do our costs fall dramatically as we get to know them? Equally, do customers prefer to work with someone who knows them well and work problems out rather than switch to someone else? Do we have the same relationship with our suppliers? Do we know what they are particularly good at making and do we prefer to work with them for their special expertise?
- Captive Networks. Is our value chain dominated by one buyer on whom we all depend? Does the dominant buyer pretty much dictate terms? Does the dominant buyer have the capacity to compensate for our dependence on them with secure contracts and other assistance such as ‘extension’ workers who will help us improve our operations?
- Hierarchical Governance. Is work in our value chain so complicated that it has to be completed within a single company structure run by managers experience in co-ordinating the intricate work in that sector?
Governance structures do three things: they express power differentials – who depends upon whom, they provide mechanisms to coordinate ourselves for our mutual prosperity, and they define relative profit margins within our value chain. Our natural inclination is to manoeuvre ourselves in to a better position and we will do so whenever we can. So as with political government, good governance is not static and rigid. It is dynamic, it is aware of shifting sands and it is fair. Nothing ruins a business relationship faster than the sense that the spoils are divide unfairly.
Sometimes we dismiss governance as ‘politicking’ and sometimes, it is. But it is as important as doing the work. It is every changing and we are doing business at a time when the rise of the BRICS and the growth of IT and web technology is changing business models. We need to pay attention and see where our value chain is going.
#4 PEST Analysis
The relationship between our value chain and the wider world can be thought through using a standard PEST analysis. In each place where any part of value chain operates, what are the political, economic, social and technological issues and how are these changing?
#5 Making our value chain
Everyone taking part in our value chain is there to make a living and the best living they can. Hopefully, it is well governed and we can be competitive and innovative without destroying each other and destroying our value chain at the same time.
But the prosperity of the entire value chain does change in time and so does our position in it.
At first, obviously we know little about the value chain. But we can learn about the chain as a whole. We can park out the parts that we do know. And we can mark out who else knows what.
And we can be particularly alert to the best order of learning more and learning about the governance of the chain.
The best example of taking over a value chain was the move by Indian IT firms into software.
At first, we might be able to bid easily for repetitive work. Then we can gradually increase our skills to handle more difficult work that commands a higher price.
Some sectors are well documented and we can even get government statistics to understand how the value chain works. In others, we have to resort to special reports and even proxy metrics. The important thing is to keep paying attention and to keep learning.
- What are the entry points into this value chain?
- What are the paths from entry points to more commanding positions?
- When and how do people broaden their command of the value chain?
- When and how do people specialize because it is profitable in both the short and long term (20-50 years) to do so?
There are three neat tricks to anticipating where a value chain will go.
- Layout the present chain so that you can see what is going on
- Do a 4×4 with the pest analysis showing the interactions of economic and social drivers and social and economic drivers, and so on.
- And then consider the local education policies. The labour market has very low elasticity – which means it is slow to respond. Simply, it takes a long time to train people. If the local industry is not well organized about bringing people into the work force and training them 10, 20 and even 30 years ahead, then people will not be available. Correspondingly, when they have the skills, they are motivated to drive change.
Thinking about global business and managing future prospects
So that is it in nutshell.
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- What? (from what into what)
- Where? (from where to where)
- Who? (who does the work and who has the dominant voice?)
- Why? ( why are people in this business and not another – PEST)
- What’s next? (what is changing and what will change in the next 10-20-30-40-50 years?)
This is a brief post to remind myself of ideas from “Agile Sense-Making in the Battlespace”. So what relevance do weary soldiers have for those of us back home?
Getting started: the jargon
Agile
We spot some technical jargon immediately. Computer people like “agile”. What they mean is doing just as much as we can to be able to get some feedback.
Imagine it this way, when we begin a journey from London to Edinburgh, we ask the SatNav for a route and then we tend to assume the journey will then be pain free. Often the journey is not and the real outcome involves looking for another route in a mild panic when the inevitable happens and we are diverted.
The alternative is a SatNav that works like this.
- It finds the best route and first junction about 15-20 minutes away
- As we reach that junction, it quietly rechecks the route taking into account any weather and traffic information that has arrived since then
Agile is simple getting on with the first task but allowing that the overall route to the destination may change.
Sense-making
Sense-making is best understood through the SIR COPE acronym of Karl Weick.
Sense is not about truth. Sense is about piecing together whatever information we have so that there are no discrepancies and so that we are willing to ‘stay in the game’.
Sense-making is an ongoing process; it is a confusing process; and it is ultimately a social process because a key factor in our decision to stay or go is our judgement of the people around us and their loyalty and commitment. In military terms, it is ‘morale’ – do I even want to belong to ‘this man’s army’?
What can we learn from weary soldiers managing the battlespace?
So jargon aside, what new does William Mitchell add in his description of thinking clearly in the battle space? I will be using my words now because these are my notes. I hope you find them useful but if you do, check back to the original article.
#1 Think imaginatively
Technically, we call imagination in “thinking about the systems of systems” or in Mitchell’s words “network philosophy”.
In practice, we think like this: I want to attract more customers to my business. They either don’t know I exist, or barely pay me any attention, and when they notice me, don’t trust me. I want to win their trust.
Of course, I can woo them directly and sometimes I will. But they already have relations among themselves. So when I woo the fellows who, say, wear hats, the fellows who don’t wear hats don’t want to take part. That second level effect is systems thinking.
When we are busy, or in goal mode, our systems thinking tends to get turned off. Let’s go back to driving from London to Edinburgh. When I set my SatNav and I head out onto the motorway, I know the trip will be boring, so I don’t want to know about all the wonderful places I could visit just 5 miles off the motorway, or I will not stick to my task.
But I also don’t know about the inter-schools football championship that is about to disgorge a flood of cars into the junction ahead of me. That’s what management intelligence is for. To make a system that scans for the opportunities or threats that we aren’t scanning for, and should not be scanning for, because we are in executive-mode and concentrating on something else.
But the key takeaway is not that we have lookouts. The key takeaway is that we have lookouts how understand second order effects – what causes what. And for there to be any point to having intelligent lookouts, we need managers who understand the messages from lookouts. That’s why managers must be fluent in systems of systems thinking. They must be able to follow the briefings and ask the right questions.
#2 Write things down
Technically, we call this state “iterative modelling”. We write down what we think to build a bridge from our brainstorming to our action.
In practice, we log our interactions with potential customers and we see how well we are doing. We calculate our open rates and click through rates and sales. We use numbers to focus our attention on what must be done and to learn how to do what we do even better.
Very simply, when we drive from London to Edinburgh, part of the system is written down for us. The SatNav is doing the map calculations for us using a straightforward A* algorithm and some detailed information from maps. Then it presents it on a map annotated with voice commands.
We do the rest. We look at our clock. We note the time to destination on the SatNav. And we note what time we ‘must’ arrive and make our decisions accordingly. We can see immediately that SatNavs are going to become much, much better at learning.
There are several skills involved in modelling dynamic information. We have to know what to model. We have to capture data. We have to write programs of very many sorts. We have to lay out information. And we have to learn, a lot, about how to make the whole system better.
And in that morass of work, we might forget what all this is about: to bridge the dynamism of systems about systems thinking with action that has to be taken in some instances, in a split second. This is what we are doing this for!
#3 Look at alternatives
Technically, the third stage is called “hypothesis generation and testing” or “scenario planning”. Oh my, how we hate to do this when we are in the thick of action! To be goal-oriented means to be confident of what we are doing. And we resist any undermining of our confidence including thinking about what else might be a good idea!
But snap decisions are dangerous and unwise. A good MI system delivers the correct information to make choice at the right time. We slow down thinking to speed up work – or avoid false starts and over commitment to unwise courses of action.
Let’s imagine, for example, that we are very attracted to selling big ticket items to wealthy customers. And that we are reasonably successful. But that our smaller items fly off the shelves in our ‘outlet’ shop around the corner. Now imagine we have a choice: spend the next hour serving the high value customer, or spend the next hour helping move the queue around the corner. It’s helpful to have a display that shows our two choices and their consequences so we can make the choice in terms of what we will achieve and not simply our personal preference.
Equally, when we are driving from London to Edinburgh and we are diverted, in the time we have to reroute, it would be helpful to have a display that shows the best 5 choices rather than requires us to step through them painfully – a task that cannot be done until we find somewhere to pull over.
Every MI system has assumptions built into them. And though we use the systems in a very trusting way on a day-to-day basis, we should know what those assumptions are and what information we are not seeing. Yes, the data must come packaged ready for action. But we must have people in the background looking at alternatives and produces displays for those too. Caveat emptor: If we rely on computer systems that we don’t understand and don’t insist on getting better and better, then we only have ourselves to blame.
The three steps of Agile Sense-Making
So this is it agile sense-making –
- Think imaginatively (imagine the side-effects)
- Write things down to bridge imagination to action (a computer program counts as writing things down)
- Have alternative programs that bring together analyses in different ways (our methods must learn)
This is the new world of management consulting folks – data driven. Now let’s find the clients to match!